i) ALL = a number of people or things considered as a group
ii) EVERY = a number of people or things considered individually
iii)EVERYONE AND EVERYBODY
are the same thing and therefore exactly similar to each other in use.
EVERYONE/EVERYBODY can replace ALL PEOPLE/ALL THE PEOPLE, but
EVERYONE/EVERYBODY takes singular verb, whereas ALL PEOPLE/ALL THE
PEOPLE takes a plural verb.
iv)EVERYTHING = ALL THINGS/ALL THE THINGS
(II) USES
1. EVERY is used with singular nouns, whereas to give the same meaning we use ALL with plural nouns;
e.g.
Every child needs love = All children need love.
2. Before
a noun with a determiner [articles, possessives (my, our, your, etc) or
demonstratives (this, these, that, those) all and all of, both and both
of are possible;
e.g.
i) I have invited ALL MY FRIENDS. = I have invited ALL OF MY FRIENDS.
ii) ALL MY FRIENDS have been invited. = ALL MY FRIENDS have been invited.
iii) ALL THE LIGHTS were out. = ALL OF THE LIGHTS were out.
iv) BOTH THE BOYS are learning well. = BOTH OF THE BOYS are learning well.
[But
EACH like ALL and BOTH can be followed by OF + THESE/THOSE, etc (plural
forums only). The word OF cannot be omitted here. So you cannot say
EACH THE BOYS IS LEARNING WELL.]
NOTE-I: But you can’t use EVERY in such a case; e.g. you cannot say
EVERY OF MY FRIEND BROUGHT ME A PRESENT or EVERY THE PLATE WAS BROKEN.
NOTE-II: Before a noun without a determiner, we use ALL/BOTH/EACH; not ALL OF/BOTH OF/EACH OF; e.g.
i) All children need love. (not ALL OF CHILDREN LOVE)
ii) Both doors are open. (not BOTH OF DOORS)
iii) Each pen is good. (not EACH OF PEN IS GOOD)
NOTE-III: ALL DAY and EVERY DAY are totally different in meaning.
a) ALL DAY refers to one day (means from beginning to the end; e.g.
I was here ALL DAY. (from morning to night)
b) EVERY DAY refers to SEQUENCE (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc); e.g.
I was here every day. (means Monday, Tuesday, etc)
3. With ALL/BOTH/EACH + OF + PERSONAL PRONOUN, the word OF cannot be omitted and the personal pronoun is in the objective form. The personal pronoun is always in plural form; e.g.
i) All of us like reading. (not All OF WE LIKE READING.)
ii) I have invited all of them. (not I HAVE INVITED ALL OF THEY)
iii) All of us love music. (not ALL US LOVE MUSIC)
iv) Both of us love songs. (not BOTH US LOVE SONGS)
NOTE-I: But All/BUT can be put after personal pronouns used as subjects as well as objects; e.g.
i) We all went to play cricket yesterday. (not US ALL as it’s the subject here)
ii) We both went to play cricket yesterday. (not US BOTH as it’s the subject here)
iii)
She has sent her love to you all. (= She has sent her love to all of
you.) iv) Mary has invited them all. (= Mary has invited all of them.)
iii) I love you all. (= I love all of you.) v) Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
vi) I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.) [You cannot use EACH like that.]
NOTE-II: ALL cannot be put after pronouns used as subject compliments; e.g. Is that all of them? (not IS THAT THEM ALL?)
4. Before uncountable nouns we use ALL, not EVERY; e.g.
I like all music. (not I LIKE EVERY MUSIC.)
5. All can also be used before some singular countable nouns like week, family and way; e.g.
i) All my family live in different parts of India.
ii) He ran all the way to the railway station.
6. When all is followed by a plural noun, the verb is normally plural. After an uncountable noun, we use a singular verb.
i) All cheese contains fat.
ii) All the lights were out.
7. All + noun is not normally used as the subject of a negative verb. We more often use the structure not all + noun + affirmative verb; e.g.
Not all birds can sing. (not ALL BIRDS CANNOT SING.)
8. The word ALL/BOTH/EACH can be used as pronouns also; e.g.
ALL are absent.
i) Both doors were open. = Both were open
ii) Each man knows what to do. = Each man knows what to do.
NOTE: The word EVERY cannot be used as pronoun; it’s only an adjective.
(III) Use of All/BOTH/EACH with verbs
1.
When the verb consists of just one word, and that word is not a form of
BE (is, am, are, was, were, etc), ALL/BOTH/EACH are placed before the
verb; e.g.
i) They all came.
ii) We all love music.
iii) They all have maps.
iv) We both knew where to go.
2. When the verb is a form of be, all/both/each are placed after it.
i) You are all welcome.
ii) We were all invited.
3. When
PRONOUN + ALL/EACH/BOTH is the subject of a compound tense (helping
verb + main verb), ALL/BOTH/EACH come after the helping verb; e.g.
i) They have all gone home.
ii) They have all been told.
iii) We are all waiting.
iv) You must both help me.
(IV) BOTH
1. BOTH = one and the other. It takes a plural verb.
2. BOTH can be used as an adjective (BOTH + NOUN or as a pronoun (alone) : e.g.
Both doors were open. = Both were open
3. BOTH can be used with OF or without OF; e.g.
Both of the boys are learning well. = Both of the boys are learning well.
4. PERSONAL PRONOUN + BOTH is also correct; e.g.
WE BOTH knew him.
5. ‘BOTH —- AND —-‘ can also be used to emphasize a combination of two adjectives, nouns, verbs, etc; e.g.
i) It was BOTH COLD AND WET.
ii) He is BOTH AN ACTOR AND A DIRECTOR.
iii) He BOTH ACTS AND DIRECTS.
(V) EACH
1. EACH like BOTH can be followed by OF + THESE/THOSE, etc (plural forums only). The word OF cannot be omitted here; e.g.
Each
of the students has to attend the health check-up programme. (not EACH
THE STUDENTS HAS TO ATTEND THE HEALTH CHECK-UP PROGRAMME)
2. EACH OF US/YOU/THEM can, however, be replaced by PRONOUN + EACH; e.g.
i) WE EACH sent in a report.
ii) They gave US EACH a form to fill in.
3. Note that EACH OF US/YOU/THEM is singular; e.g.
EACH OF US HAS a map.
4. But WE/YOU/THEY EACH is plural; e.g.
WE EACH HAVE a map.
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